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Understanding MoEF&CC’s SWM Rules Implemented in Maharashtra by Citizens, Communities, and Corporates for Participating Towards a Sustainable Future

In Maharashtra, India, solid waste management has emerged as a critical concern due to rapid urbanization and industrialization the state has experienced. To combat the escalating challenges posed by improper waste disposal, the Maharashtra government is ardently striving to incorporate the stringent solid waste management rules and regulations that the MoEF&CC has prepared for citizens, communities, and corporates.

These solid waste management rules are designed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to create a comprehensive framework that promotes responsible waste management, minimizes environmental impact, and supports the sustainable development of the state.

Rather than increasing the complexity of this article with technical and jargon-heavy language, we have instead focused on simplifying the rules and regulations. We hope with these bite-sized simplifications, it will be easier for you to understand, digest, and implement these rules and regulations in your own capacity. Towards this end, we have also included some links to the web presence of the concerned authorities.

Solid Waste Management Rules for Citizens:

Citizens are integral stakeholders in the endeavor to establish an effective solid waste management system. Maharashtra will benefit tremendously by continuing to practice the following waste management rules for citizens:

Segregation at Source

Citizens are legally obligated to segregate their waste at the point of generation into distinct categories: wet waste (biodegradable), dry waste (recyclables), sanitary waste, and hazardous waste. This practice simplifies subsequent collection and processing activities.

Use of Bin System

The use of color-coded bins is mandated for waste segregation. Green bins are designated for wet waste, blue for solid/dry waste, red for sanitary waste, and grey/black for hazardous waste. This visually assists waste collectors in accurately sorting and processing waste.

Composting

Maharashtra’s SWM strategy includes strictly following the rules set by the MoEF&CC that emphasize the promotion of home composting initiatives for organic waste. It’s mandatory for bulk waste generators who produce more than 100kg/day of waste to process their own wet waste. Also, now it’s mandatory for bulk waste generators to provide sufficient space and infrastructure for wet waste management. This not only reduces the burden on landfills but also produces nutrient-rich compost for enhancing soil fertility. Some cities provide tax rebates for individuals/societies/institutes who are managing their own wet waste.

Reducing Single-Use Plastics

Citizens are expected to participate in the state’s campaign against single-use plastics. This involves minimizing the usage of plastic bags, cups, and containers, and transitioning to eco-friendly alternatives.

Condition for a plastic ban based on the thickness of plastic.

Awareness and Education

The government, in collaboration with local NGOs and active citizen groups, conducts regular awareness campaigns and workshops to educate citizens about the significance of waste segregation, recycling, and proper waste disposal techniques.

Solid Waste Management Rules for Communities:

Communities, encompassing residential complexes, neighborhoods, and local organizations, are vital in ensuring the success of waste management initiatives.

Community Composting

The regulations encourage communities to establish on-site composting units. These units can utilize techniques like aerobic composting, vermicomposting, or bio-gas generation to process organic waste collectively.

Recycling Drives

Communities are encouraged to organize periodic recycling drives to gather recyclable materials. These materials are then directed to authorized recycling facilities, reducing the strain on natural resources.

Collaboration with Municipalities

Communities are expected to collaborate closely with local municipal bodies to ensure efficient waste collection and disposal services. Feedback mechanisms help address any waste management challenges promptly.

Public Facilities

Adequate waste disposal facilities, including bins and waste collection points, should be strategically placed in public areas, parks, markets, and other gathering spaces to discourage littering and promote responsible waste disposal.

Solid Waste Management Rules for Corporates:

Corporates and industries are pivotal in managing solid waste generated from their operations and products. Maharashtra’s solid waste management rules for corporates encompass the following aspects:

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)

Corporates are legally mandated to adopt the EPR principle, necessitating them to manage the end-of-life disposal of the products they introduce into the market. This includes establishing collection, recycling, or disposal mechanisms for their products’ waste.

Waste Audits

Regular waste audits are a crucial element of the corporate waste management framework. These audits help identify waste generation patterns, areas for waste reduction, and opportunities for recycling and reusing materials.

Hazardous Waste Management

Industries that produce hazardous waste must strictly adhere to guidelines set by the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB). This includes obtaining necessary permits, adhering to safe storage and transportation practices, and ensuring proper disposal of hazardous waste.

Promoting Sustainable Practices

Corporates are encouraged to adopt sustainable practices within their operations. These practices encompass minimizing packaging waste, promoting paperless office environments, sourcing materials responsibly, and implementing energy-efficient processes.

Conclusion

The solid waste management rules established by the MoEF&CC underscore the conutry’s commitment to address the pressing issues of waste accumulation and environmental degradation. Citizens, communities, and corporates of Maharashtra all have pivotal roles to play in the successful implementation of these rules. By adhering to these regulations, Maharashtra can pave the way for a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future.

For more GRs, rules, and resource links, check out our Policy Guidelines repository.

Other Useful Links for an India-Wide Perspective:

1. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB)
2. Swachh Maharashtra Mission
3. Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
4. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016

Welcome aboard our eco-adventure, fellow environmental enthusiasts! Today, we’re diving deep into the fascinating world of at-source wet waste management and one of its pivotal pillars – composting.

Once Upon a Time in a Wasteful Land…

The Latin language has given us a very wonderful phrase: scientia potentia est. Translated to spoken English, it means “Knowledge is power”.

Let’s hear the tale of a faraway city of Wasteful Land. Its citizens were growing increasingly troubled with their living conditions, which were deteriorating day by day. But not all citizens of Wasteful Land were ordinary; some of them were blessed with secret powers and knowledge from ancient scriptures. With dedication and heroic use of their knowledge, they helped the citizens of Wasteful Land completely revolutionize their city into localities filled with cleaner air, lush greenery as far as the eye could see, and more efficient households. Citizens decided to call their new homes “Green City”.

So, what was this extra-ordinary knowledge that turned Wasteful Land into Green City? Let us find out.

Earlier, people used to throw their food scraps, peels, and leftovers into the trash without a second thought. Mountains of waste piled up, leaving a stinky mess behind and making it difficult to combat the ever-increasing environmental issues. But little did they know that their garbage could turn into something magical!

Enter the Composting Heroes

The pioneers of Green City were enthusiastic environmentalists who decided to bring about a change and promote at-source wet waste management. They understood that by collecting and composting organic waste right where it’s generated – at home, schools, and businesses – they could do wonders for the environment.

The Marvels of At-Source Wet Waste Management

Less Landfill Troubles

When organic waste is thrown into landfills, it decomposes anaerobically, releasing methane, a dangerous greenhouse gas. By composting at the source, this methane emission is drastically reduced, lessening the impact on climate change.

Rich, Nutrient-Packed Compost

Composting converts kitchen scraps into nutrient-rich compost, affectionately known as “Black Gold.” This compost acts as a natural fertilizer, enhancing soil quality and promoting healthy plant growth.

Wohoo! Number: According to the National Centre of Organic Farming (NCOF), India produced approximately 5.78 million metric tons of organic compost in 2018-2019, promoting sustainable farming practices and improving soil fertility.

Taming the Trash Mountains

With at-source composting, the amount of waste sent to landfills is significantly reduced. This means fewer overflowing landfills and a cleaner, greener neighborhood.

Woohoo! Number: According to reports, the city of Bengaluru has been able to divert around 600-700 tons of waste per day from landfills through community-led composting initiatives. This significant reduction in organic waste going to landfills has helped ease the burden on the city’s waste management infrastructure.

Engaging the Community

After the initiation of at-source wet waste management, communities of Green City banded together like never before. Neighbors formed composting clubs, sharing tips, and inspiring each other to make the most of their domestic wet waste consisting majorly of food waste.

Real-Life Superheroes of Composting

Still think Wasteful Land and Green City are fictional cities? Think again! India has seen the emergence of real-life superheroes who have taken composting to a whole other level.

Daily Dump (Bengaluru)

This organization was founded by Poonam Bir Kasturi in April 2006. Their vision is to constantly re-imagine our relationship with the earth, with each other and with our urban spaces. They have come up with innovative composting bins for households that promote at-source waste management and regular composting.

Official website >

Mrs. Gupta’s Bountiful Terrace Garden (Delhi)

Mrs. Gupta, a resident of Delhi, decided to adopt at-source wet waste management and composting at her home. She diligently composted her kitchen waste, including vegetable peels, fruit scraps, and leftover food. Over time, she created nutrient-rich compost and used it in her terrace garden. The results were astonishing! Her garden blossomed with vibrant flowers and yielded bountiful organic vegetables. Not only did Mrs. Gupta reduce her contribution to landfills, but she also experienced the joy of harvesting her own organic produce.

Green Acres Society’s Community Composting (Mumbai)

The residents of Green Acres Society in Mumbai came together to tackle their waste problem. They set up a community composting unit within the premises. Families began segregating their organic waste, and the composting unit did its magic. The society witnessed a significant reduction in waste sent to landfills, and the compost produced was used to nurture their common green spaces. The sense of community and accomplishment amongst the residents soared as they actively contributed to a greener environment.

Read more on Other Housing Societies that have turned into Superhero Communities >

Sushil’s Farming Success (Pune)

Sushil, a farmer from the outskirts of Pune, embraced composting to revitalize his depleted soil. By composting agricultural residues, animal manure, and kitchen waste, he created organic manure to enrich his farmland. With healthier soil and improved nutrient content, Sushil experienced a remarkable increase in crop yield and quality. This success story inspired neighboring farmers to follow suit, creating a positive ripple effect of sustainable agricultural practices in the region.

The Green Bites Cafe (Bengaluru)

The Green Bites Cafe in Bengaluru took up at-source wet waste management as part of their commitment to sustainability. They trained their staff and customers to separate organic waste from other waste streams. By composting their food scraps and using compostable packaging, the cafe significantly reduced the amount of waste sent to landfills. Customers appreciated the eco-friendly approach, and the cafe earned a reputation as a responsible, environmentally conscious establishment, attracting a loyal customer base.

Garden of Smiles (Hyderabad)

A children’s home in Hyderabad, called the Garden of Smiles, initiated a composting project to teach children about environmental stewardship. The children actively collected kitchen waste and garden clippings for composting. They witnessed the transformation of waste into nutrient-rich compost, which they used to grow vegetables in their small garden. Through this project, the children not only learned valuable lessons about composting but also experienced the joy of self-sufficiency and the beauty of nature.

The Ripple Effect of Composting

Join the Composting Revolution! Dear readers, you too can be part of this magical transformation. Embrace at-source wet waste management and composting in your own home. Get your hands dirty, watch the enchanting process of composting unfold, and witness the wonders it does for your garden and the planet.

Let’s pledge to be composting heroes, one kitchen scrap at a time, and together, we’ll build a sustainable world full of life, color, and hope for generations to come.

Remember, the power to change the world lies right in your hands – and in that handful of kitchen waste you can turn into treasure!

Happy Composting! 🌿🌎💚

Digital world or a cradle for problems because of e-waste? In recent years, the technological boom has transformed the world into a global village, but this rapid advancement comes at a cost. One of the most pressing issues is the surge in electronic waste, commonly known as e-waste. Mid-Western India including major states like Maharashtra and Gujrat are experiencing a sharp increase in e-waste generation, leading to significant environmental and health concerns.

In this blog, we will delve into the alarming statistics and research surrounding the e-waste crisis in these regions.

The Rise of E-Waste

Electronic devices, such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and other consumer electronics, have become an integral part of modern life. The demand for newer, faster, and more advanced gadgets has led to a rapid increase in e-waste generation. According to a recent report by the United Nations, India is the world’s third-largest producer of e-waste, and this trend is significantly affecting the Mid-Western region of the country.

Alarming Statistics

E-Waste Generation

In Mid-Western India, e-waste generation has reached an all-time high, with an estimated 300,000 metric tons produced annually.

The major contributing cities to this crisis include cities in Maharashtra like Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, and Nagpur.

Gujarat is one of the major contributors to e-waste in India. The state generates approximately 70,000 to 80,000 metric tons of e-waste annually. (Source: Ahmedabad Mirror). Of this, only about 20-30% of the total e-waste generated in the state is collected for proper disposal and recycling. (Source: Center for Science and Environment)

Informal E-Waste Sector

A significant proportion of e-waste in this region is managed by the informal sector, comprising small-scale workshops and recycling units. These operations often lack proper facilities and technologies to handle e-waste safely, leading to severe environmental pollution and health hazards for workers. In fact, around 90% of the e-waste generated in Gujrat is handled by the informal recycling sector.

Toxic Content

One cause for worry with electronic waste is that electronic devices contain hazardous materials like lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants. When improperly disposed of or processed, these toxins seep into soil and water, causing long-term damage to ecosystems and human health.

Health Implications

E-waste poses severe health risks to those directly or indirectly exposed to it. Studies have reported increased instances of respiratory issues, skin diseases, and neurological disorders among workers involved in informal e-waste recycling.

E-Waste Management Infrastructure

While India has made progress in establishing formal e-waste recycling facilities, the existing infrastructure remains inadequate to cope with the escalating e-waste quantities, leading to a considerable portion ending up in landfills or being processed unsafely.

Environmental Impact

The environmental repercussions of improper e-waste disposal are immense.

Soil Contamination

Toxins from e-waste seep into the soil, making it infertile and contaminating crops. This affects food safety and security, exacerbating existing challenges in agriculture-dependent regions of Mid-Western India. Maharashtra being primarily an agrarian state, stands to face the heat of this situation.

Water Pollution

Improperly disposed e-waste can contaminate groundwater and nearby water bodies, endangering aquatic life and rendering water unfit for consumption.

Air Pollution

Burning of electronic and electrical waste releases harmful chemicals and particulate matter into the air, leading to air pollution and contributing to climate change.

Biodiversity Loss

E-waste pollution disrupts local ecosystems, leading to the loss of biodiversity and threatening the survival of numerous species.

The Way Forward

Addressing the e-waste crisis in Mid-Western Indian states like Maharashtra and Gujrat requires a multi-pronged approach. Kushaagra Innovations Foundation, being skilled in the business of waste collection and handling, believes that the following steps will help combat the rising adverse effects of this type of waste.

Awareness and Education

Raising awareness about the harmful effects of improper e-waste disposal is crucial to drive behavioral changes among consumers and businesses alike. Equally important is the awareness of solutions available for channelizing the E-waste in the right way.

Strengthening Regulations

The state governments must enforce strict regulations and penalties for improper e-waste disposal, while also promoting responsible recycling practices. Advocacy groups driving the change for various cohorts of waste generators will act as catalyst to percolate the formal systems for recycling of E-Waste

Formal E-Waste Recycling

Ease of access to information – Ease of Business – Ownership to the waste generator by bringing in traceability of waste will increase potential towards formal recycling.

Producer Responsibility

Electronics manufacturers should take responsibility for the entire lifecycle of their products, promoting recycling and sustainable design. Emerging reward-systems like carbon credits

Support Informal Sector Workers

It is never about overpowering the informal sector to formalize the processes but to empower them to build formal business structures and thus sustainable income sources.

Conclusion

The surge in electronic waste poses a red alert for Mid-Western India, demanding immediate action to protect the environment and the health of its inhabitants. While we have discussed the statistics of e-waste in Maharashtra and Gujrat in this blog, other states are no exceptions to the negative impact of this type of waste, since technology has reached almost every nook and cranny of our nation.

Effective e-waste management, combined with responsible consumption and production, will pave the way for a more sustainable and greener future in the region. It is essential for individuals, industries, and policymakers to collaborate in combatting this growing crisis to safeguard India for generations to come. It is easy to take ownership for a sustainable neighborhood if we create a waste conscious community.

In our blog on concepts of circularity, we went over the 5 pillars of circularity to achieve better sustainability. In this blog, we will explore the importance of circularity in waste management. In circular waste management, we focus on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste to keep waste materials in circulation and prevent them from becoming waste in the first place.

Indian culture and traditional practices have always been based on circularity, and thus this is not a new concept to us. Old sarees were stitched into warm quilts, wornout chappals and shoes were renewed with a new sole at the mochi; preference was always given to repair our radios, TVs and watches instead of throwing them. We need to relearn these habits to

The circularity approach aims to close the loop by creating a regenerative system where waste is transformed into new products, energy, or other valuable resources.

How does circularity improve waste management?

Minimizing Waste Generation

Circularity encourages waste prevention at its very core. By prioritizing waste reduction strategies, such as product design for durability and recyclability, we can minimize the generation of waste. For e.g. for a party use steel, glass, or ceramic plates instead of paper plates; shop offline and prevent packaging waste, always carry a cloth bag while shopping. This not only conserves resources but also reduces the expense and energy consumed in transporting the waste, processing it, and the environmental impact if dumped in landfills.  The average Indian city pays about Rs 1500 per Metric Ton to collect and transport waste. Reducing the quantity to be collected and transported can bring down the public expenditure on waste.

Resource Conservation

One of the primary benefits of circularity in waste management is the conservation of valuable resources. By reusing and recycling waste materials, we reduce the need for extracting fresh resources for the production cycle. For e.g., construction debris, such as concrete chunks from old demolished buildings can be crushed and graded into aggregates that can be reused for a new slab. This leads to a significant reduction in energy consumption, water usage, and the environmental degradation associated with resource extraction.

Energy and Emission Reduction

Circular waste management practices, such as recycling and energy recovery, contribute to energy conservation and emission reduction. Recycling materials requires less energy compared to the extraction and production of new materials. Moreover, the use of waste-to-energy technologies can convert organic waste into renewable sources of energy, further reducing the dependency on fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Segregated wet waste is a good resource to generate Biogas and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) which can be easily used directly for cooking, vehicles or to convert to electricity. .

Economic Opportunities

A large-scale informal market in India has thrived on recycling valuable waste, showcasing the potential for livelihood generation in waste. The unhygienic conditions, unsegregated waste, and issues in waste collection hamper the formal sector economic opportunities; however new waste processing technologies are creating several economic opportunities in waste.  By introducing the need for reusing, repairing, and recycling waste materials, we create growth opportunities for industries such as remanufacturing, recycling, and waste processing. These sectors further go on to generate jobs, stimulate local economies, and promote innovation in sustainable technologies and business models. The town of Ambikapur in Chattisgarh has created jobs for 471 women in waste collection and segregation. The women operate a Material Recovery Facility where they segregate and recycle the waste into more than 150 types.

Environmental Preservation

Plastic pollution is one of the greatest threats to Earth with far-reaching impacts on the environment. The total mass of plastics on the planet is now twice the mass of all living mammals.[1] Our oceans are becoming sinks of the waste plastic impacting marine life.  Circularity in waste prevents the waste from going into our oceans and landfills, and we prevent the pollution of soil, water, and air. Additionally, reducing the need for fresh resource extraction and manufacturing in turn decreases the ecological footprints of manufacturing industries, thus contributing to the safeguarding of natural habitats, biodiversity, and ecosystems.

Sustainable Consumption and Production

Circularity aligns with the principles of Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG12) of Responsible Consumption and Production. It encourages a shift towards more sustainable and responsible consumption patterns, where products are designed with longevity, repairability, and recyclability in mind. Moreover, circularity leverages Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) to encourage producers to switch up their designs to something more sustainable. For e.g.  The sports shoe company Adidas provides opportunities for customers to recycle their old shoes. Adidas has set a goal to use recycled materials in all of its products by 2024. As of 2020, the company reported that 40% of its products contain recycled materials

In these ways, circular waste management enables us to transition back from a linear “throwaway” culture to our intrinsic traditional culture of being more conscious and resource-efficient society. The NITI Aayog’s program _ LiFE promotes the transitioning from throwaway culture to a circular economy.

The importance of circularity in waste management cannot be overstated. By embracing circular principles, we can transform waste from a burden into a valuable resource.

If you have ever thought of introducing the principles of circularity at an individual, community, or even organizational level, we give our kudos to you! Kushaagra Innovations Foundation will gladly stand behind you in case you face challenges actually implementing circular waste management. Get in touch with us if you need our support.

Citations:
1: A Down to Earth annual – State of India’s Environment – A treaty for a start, Siddharth Ghanshyam Singh, Kiran Pandey and Zumbish.

In recent years, the concepts of circularity have gained significant attention in the realm of sustainable waste management. Circular economy principles offer an alternative to the traditional linear model of “take, make, dispose of”, aiming to maximize resource efficiency and minimize waste generation.

The global economy is now only 7.2% circular; and it’s getting worse year on year—driven by rising material extraction and use.¹ We have to rethink the way we use our common resources to provide for our future generations. By closing the loop and reimagining waste as a valuable resource, circularity offers a regenerative system that benefits the environment, economy, and society at large.

In this blog, we will explore the key concepts of circularity in waste management and highlight its transformative potential in promoting sustainability.

Rethinking Waste

Circularity challenges the notion of waste as something to be discarded and instead prompts us to think of waste as a resource that can aid the production cycle. Nature is the best teacher of this, where all things are cyclic, such as the water cycle, nutrient cycle and all chemical cycles.  We thus need to rethink of the products we use in the same way. This shift in mindset sets the stage for innovative solutions that minimize waste generation and maximize resource recovery.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

The three pillars of waste management—reduce, reuse, and recycle—are foundational to circularity. By reducing the amount of waste generated, reusing products and materials whenever possible, and recycling them through smart end-of-life options, we can conserve resources and minimize the environmental impact of waste. Our current economies run on increasing production of consumer goods, instead there is a need to make reuse and recycle drivers of the economies. With a circular economy, we can fulfil people’s needs* with just 70% of the materials we currently use—within the safe limits of the planet.²

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)

Circularity places an emphasis on holding producers accountable for the entire life cycle of their products, even in their waste form. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mandates that manufacturers take responsibility for the proper disposal or recycling of their products once they reach the end of their useful life. The Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 and its amendments are making it mandatory for producers (companies) to pay for recovery and recycling of the plastic that companies introduce in the environment. Coca Cola pays collection agencies to collect and recycle its plastic bottles.

This further incentivizes producers to design products that are more durable, repairable, and recyclable, thus promoting circularity. For e.g. Dell has reengineered their hardware to extract maximum components at the end of life of the hardware for recycling and reuse.

Resource Recovery and Valorization

Circularity aims to extract maximum value from waste by recovering and valorizing its resources. Valorization, which means recovering value from waste resources, can take different forms depending on the nature of the waste material. Valorization can convert waste into energy, usable materials, nutrients (from organic waste), and chemicals that can be reused. Waste of one process can become the raw material for another product, such as coconut shells make good coir products. These processes not only reduce waste going to landfills but can also contribute to the production of clean energy and soil fertility. However, we have to be conscious of the energy and cost required for conversion and quantity of the end product generated in the process of recovery.

Closed-Loop Systems

Closed loop systems, in the context of circularity, refer to systems where resources are continually circulated and reused even after reaching their waste form, to minimize the need for extracting new raw materials for the production cycle. A good example of a closed loop system is recycling of glass.

Circularity thrives on establishing closed-loop systems. Such systems can be optimized through practices like remanufacturing, where products are disassembled, repaired, and reintroduced into the market, or through the adoption of circular supply chains that prioritize the use of recycled materials. By closing the loop, we reduce the need for fresh resources and reduce the strain on ecosystems.

In Conclusion

The adoption of circularity in waste management offers a plethora of benefits for sustainability. Organizations that embark on circular transformations and create more adaptable operating and business models will be better positioned to prosper, even in times of disruption, while contributing to sustainable growth.³ By rethinking waste, reducing waste generation, promoting reuse and recycling, and implementing extended producer responsibility, we can transition from a linear model to a regenerative circular system that supports environmental preservation and resource conservation.

Circular practices not only minimize the ecological impact of waste but also create opportunities for economic growth, innovation, and job creation. By embracing circularity, we reconnect with nature and  shift the traditional though-process of seeing waste as a burden to  rather a valuable resource that can be transformed into new products, energy, and other useful materials.

It is through the power of circularity that we can build a sustainable and resilient future for generations to come. Kushaagra has been an ardent believer in the benefits of circularity. We have introduced this concept in all our sustainability solutions. We believe that we can reduce, recycle and reuse 80% of the waste we now generate.

Whether you are a civilian, a cooperative housing society, or a business looking to reduce its waste component, you can take advantage of circularity to create a deep impact on the environment. Write to us to learn how.

Citations:
1,2: The Circular Gap Report 2023 – CGR
3: Circular Transformation of Industries: Unlocking New Value in a Resource-Constrained World