Author Archives: Alok Gogate

Driving Responsible Product Disposal and Environmental Sustainability

EPR stands for Extended Producer Responsibility, which is a policy framework that makes producers responsible for managing the end-of-life disposal of their products. The objective of EPR is to ensure that the producers take responsibility for managing the environmental impact of their products, including the waste generated by their products.

In the Indian scenario, EPR has been implemented for several products such as e-waste, plastic waste, and hazardous waste. The E-waste (Management) Rules, 2016, requires producers of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) to collect and manage e-waste generated by their products. Similarly, the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, requires producers of plastic products to take measures for collecting, segregating, and disposing of the plastic waste generated by their products.

The implementation of EPR in India has helped in reducing the environmental impact of products and has also led to the development of a recycling industry. However, there are still challenges in the effective implementation of EPR, such as the lack of infrastructure for the collection and disposal of waste, lack of awareness among consumers, and the need for more stringent regulations to ensure compliance

In India, EPR policy implementation is at different stages for different types of waste.

Current targets and implementation stages for specific types of waste:

E-waste:

The E-waste (Management) Rules, 2016, make producers responsible for the collection and management of e-waste generated by their products. The e-waste (Management) Rules, 2016, also cover the management of CFL and other mercury-containing lamps.
Reading Material: Policy Guidelines on e-Waste

Plastic waste

The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, require producers of plastic products to take measures for collecting, segregating, and disposing of the plastic waste generated by their products.
Reading Material: Policy Guidelines on Plastic Waste

Batteries:

The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001, require battery manufacturers and importers to take responsibility for the collection and disposal of their waste batteries.

Reading Material: Policy Guidelines on Battery Waste

Hazardous waste

The Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, require the producers of hazardous waste to take responsibility for the safe disposal of their waste.
Reading Material: Policy Guidelines on Hazardous Waste

Extended Producer Responsibility Policies on Specific Types of Waste

Electronic Waste (E-waste):

The EPR policy for e-waste in India is regulated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) under the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016. The EPR targets for e-waste management have been set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for the following categories:

• Producers of electronic goods such as TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, etc.
• Producers of electronic components such as chips, resistors, capacitors, etc.
• Bulk consumers of electronic goods such as government departments, public sector undertakings, etc.

Currently, there are over 100 companies in India that have implemented EPR policies for e-waste, including Dell, HP, Lenovo, Apple, Samsung, LG, etc. These companies have tie-ups with authorized e-waste recyclers to collect and dispose of their e-waste.

Plastic Waste:

The EPR policy for plastic waste in India is regulated by the MoEFCC under the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016. The EPR targets for plastic waste management have been set by the CPCB for the following categories:

• Producers of plastic packaging waste.
• Producers of multi-layered plastic (MLP) products.
• Brand owners who use plastic packaging for their products.

Currently, there are several companies in India that have implemented EPR policies for plastic waste, including Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Nestle, Unilever, etc. These companies have tie-ups with authorized recyclers to collect and dispose of their plastic waste.

Paper Waste:

The EPR policy for paper waste in India is regulated by the MoEFCC under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. The EPR targets for paper waste management have been set by the CPCB for the following categories:

• Producers of paper and paperboard products.
• Brand owners who use paper and paperboard packaging for their products.

Currently, there are several companies in India that have implemented EPR policies for paper waste, including ITC, Hindustan Unilever, Nestle, Coca-Cola, etc. These companies have tie-ups with authorized recyclers to collect and dispose of their paper waste.

Key manufacturers and producers implementing EPR policy in India

Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL):

HUL is one of the largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in India, with a wide range of products in the personal care, home care, and food and beverages categories. The company has committed to achieving 100% plastic waste collection and management by 2025, as part of its larger goal to become a “circular economy” business. To achieve this target, HUL has launched several initiatives, including setting up a network of plastic waste collection and recycling infrastructure, working with waste pickers and recyclers, and promoting awareness among consumers about responsible plastic waste management.

Procter & Gamble (P&G):

P&G is a multinational consumer goods company with a wide range of products in the personal care, home care, and health care categories. The company has committed to achieving 100% recyclable or reusable packaging by 2030, as part of its “Ambition 2030” sustainability goals. To achieve this target, P&G is investing in research and development to find innovative packaging solutions, working with suppliers to source more sustainable materials, and partnering with recycling companies to improve recycling infrastructure and processes.

ITC Limited:

ITC Limited is a diversified conglomerate with interests in the fast-moving consumer goods, agri-business, hotels, paperboards, and packaging industries. The company has set a target to achieve 100% plastic waste collection and management in its value chain by 2030, as part of its “Responsible and Sustainable Business” strategy. To achieve this target, ITC is investing in recycling infrastructure, promoting the use of sustainable materials in its packaging, and working with waste pickers and recyclers to promote responsible waste management.

Overall, while many of these companies have made significant progress towards their EPR targets, there is still a long way to go to achieve a truly sustainable and circular economy in India. Stronger regulatory frameworks, greater public awareness, and more effective partnerships between government, industry, and civil society will be needed to drive the necessary changes.

Managing Organic Waste at Home

There are several home composting methods that can be used in India, depending on the amount of organic waste generated and the available space. Here are some common home composting methods with their respective capacity:

Pit Composting Method

This is a simple and low-cost method of composting that involves using any clay pot and adding organic waste materials.

The pot should be covered with soil and left to decompose for several months.

The capacity of a pot composting system can vary depending on the size of the pot.

But it is generally suitable for small households that generate less than 1-2 kg of organic waste per day.

Tumbler Composting Method

This method involves using a container with a built-in mechanism to turn the compost, such as a compost tumbler.

The container is filled with organic waste and turned regularly to aerate the compost and speed up the decomposition process.

Tumbler composting is ideal for households that generate 1-2 kg of organic waste per day and can typically accommodate up to 20-30 liters of waste.

Worm Composting Method

Vermicomposting is a method of composting that uses earthworms to break down organic waste.

This method is suitable for households that generate up to 1 kg of organic waste per day and can be done in a small container, such as a plastic bin.

The capacity of a worm composting system depends on the size of the container, but it is generally recommended to start with a container that can hold 20-30 liters of waste.

Bokashi Composting (Anaerobic)

This composting technique involves the use of anaerobic bacteria to ferment organic waste.

Here are the technical guidelines for bokashi composting:

• The ideal size of the bokashi composting bin should be around 30-50 liters.
• The bokashi composting bin should have a tight-fitting lid to prevent air from entering.
• The moisture content of the bokashi composting bin should be between 40-60%.
• The bokashi composting process can take between 2-4 weeks, depending on the type of waste and the composting conditions.

Compost Bin

A compost bin is a simple container that can be used to collect and compost organic waste. The bin

can be made from various materials, such as plastic, wood, or metal, and should have a lid to keep out pests and animals. The capacity of a compost bin can vary depending on its size, but it is typically suitable for households that generate up to 2-3 kg of organic waste per day.

It is important to note that the capacity of a home composting system can vary depending on factors such as the type of organic waste generated, the composting method used, and the climate conditions.

 SBM guidelines for home composting >

Exploring Composting Techniques

Aerobic Composting

Aerobic composting involves providing oxygen to the compost pile to support the growth of aerobic microorganisms that break down the organic material and is typically faster than other methods and produces a higher-quality compost.

Here are the technical guidelines for aerobic composting:

• The ideal size of the composting bin should be around 1 meter in height and 1.5-2 meters in width.
• The ideal carbon-to-nitrogen ratio for composting is between 25:1 and 30:1.
• The moisture content of the compost pile should be between 50-60%.
• Turn the compost pile every 2-3 weeks to provide adequate aeration.
• The composting process can take between 1-6 months, depending on the type of waste and the composting conditions.

Anerobic Composting

Anaerobic composting is a process of decomposing organic waste in the absence of oxygen. It is a popular method of waste management in India, where large quantities of wet waste are generated daily.

Here are some technical guidelines for anaerobic wet waste composting in India:

• Site selection: The site for the composting plant should be located away from residential areas and water bodies. It should have good drainage and be easily accessible for waste collection and transport.
• Waste shredding: The biodegradable waste should be shredded into small pieces to facilitate decomposition.
• Mixing of waste: The shredded waste should be mixed with cow dung or other organic material to create a homogenous mixture. The ratio of waste to organic material should be maintained at 3:1.
• Piling: The mixture should be piled in a pit or a composting bin. The height of the pile should not exceed 1.5 meters.
• Turning of the pile: The compost pile should be turned at regular intervals to ensure proper aeration and mixing of the compost. The frequency of turning should be once a week.
• Curing: Once the compost is ready, it should be cured for 4 to 6 weeks before use. During the curing process, the compost should be turned once a week.
• Quality control: The quality of the compost should be monitored regularly using a compost meter. The pH of the compost should be between 6.5 to 8.5, and the carbon to nitrogen ratio should be between 20:1 to 30:1.

By following these technical guidelines, anaerobic wet waste composting can be a successful and effective method of waste management in India.

Vermicomposting

Vermicomposting is a type of composting that involves the use of earthworms to decompose organic waste into nutrient-rich compost. In India, vermicomposting technology has gained popularity over the past few decades due to its several advantages such as the production of high-quality compost, reduction in waste generation and landfill disposal, and the potential for income generation.

Here are the technical guidelines for vermicomposting:

• Design and construction: The vermicomposting unit should be designed and constructed in a manner that allows for proper drainage, aeration, and temperature control. The size of the unit should be based on the quantity of waste to be processed.
• The ideal size of the vermicomposting bin should be around 1 meter in height and 1-1.5 meters in width.
• Site selection: The vermicomposting unit should be located in a well-ventilated area with access to water and electricity.
• Feedstock selection: The feedstock for vermicomposting should be a mix of organic waste such as food waste, vegetable waste, and yard waste. The feedstock should be shredded or chopped to facilitate the feeding process.
• The worms used for vermicomposting should be surface-dwelling species such as red worms or tiger worms.
• Maintenance:The moisture content of the vermicomposting bin should be between 70-80%.
• Harvesting: The vermicompost should be harvested once it reaches maturity, which is indicated by a dark brown colour and earthy smell.The harvested vermicompost should be sieved to remove any large particles. The vermicomposting process can take between 1-4 months, depending on the type of waste and the composting conditions.

Some general guidelines on the capacity of vermicomposting units based on the quantity of waste to be processed:

• Household Scale: For household vermicomposting units, the quantity of waste to be processed is usually around 1-2 kg per day. The capacity of the unit can range from 10-50 litres.
• Community Scale: For community vermicomposting units, the quantity of waste to be processed can range from 50-500 kg per day. The capacity of the unit can range from 500-5000 litres.
• Commercial Scale: For large-scale commercial vermicomposting units, the quantity of waste to be processed can be several tonnes per day. The capacity of the unit can range from 10,000-50,000 litres or more.

A brief guide on Vermicomposting >

Mechanical composting

Mechanical composting is a method of composting organic waste that uses machines to speed up the process and produce high-quality compost. Here are some technical guidelines for implementing mechanical composting in India:

• Location: Choose a location that is well-drained, away from water bodies, and at a safe distance from residential areas to prevent odor nuisance.
• Preparing the composting material: The composting material should be a mixture of brown and green organic waste, such as dry leaves, grass clippings, kitchen waste, and cow dung. The carbon to nitrogen ratio should be between 25:1 and 30:1.
• Shredding: The waste should be shredded before being added to the machine to improve the efficiency of the composting process.
• Adding the composting material to the machine: The composting material should be added to the machine in layers, with the first layer being about 10cm thick.
• Moisture management: The composting material should be kept moist but not waterlogged. Sprinkle water on the composting material if it appears dry.
• Turning the compost: Depending on the type of machine, the compost may need to be turned periodically to ensure that it decomposes evenly.
• Composting time: The composting process takes between 2-4 weeks, depending on the type of machine and the quantity and type of waste.
• Using the compost: The compost can be used as a soil amendment in gardens, agriculture, and horticulture.
• Maintenance of the machine: The machine should be cleaned and maintained regularly to ensure that it is working efficiently.

It is important to note that the guidelines may vary depending on the type of machine and the local regulations. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with experts and relevant authorities before implementing a mechanical composting system.

Understanding Incineration

Incineration is a waste management technology that involves burning waste materials at high temperatures in a specially designed facility to generate energy in the form of heat or electricity. In India, incineration technology is increasingly being used for waste-to-energy (WTE) projects as a means of dealing with the country’s mounting waste management problem.

The Indian government has set a target of generating 100 MW of power from waste by 2020 and 300 MW by 2030. To achieve this goal, several WTE plants based on incineration technology have been constructed or are currently under construction in various cities in India.

The Indian government has developed guidelines for the setting up of waste-to-energy (WTE) plants, including those using incineration technology. These guidelines provide information on the technical, environmental, and regulatory aspects of WTE plants to ensure that they are designed, constructed, and operated to the highest standards.

According to the guidelines, the minimum capacity for a WTE plant based on incineration technology should be 100 tons per day. This is to ensure that the plant is economically viable and can generate sufficient electricity or heat to make the project financially sustainable. The guidelines do not specify a maximum capacity for incineration-based WTE plants.

In addition to the minimum capacity requirement, the guidelines also specify the following technical requirements for incineration-based WTE plants:

• The plant should be designed to handle the specific type of waste to be processed and should be equipped with appropriate waste handling equipment.
• The incinerator should be designed to achieve a minimum combustion temperature of 850°C and should be equipped with pollution control devices to control emissions.
• The plant should be equipped with a heat recovery system to maximize the generation of electricity or heat.
• The plant should comply with all relevant environmental regulations and obtain all necessary permits before construction and operation.
• The plant should be designed with appropriate safety measures to minimize the risk of accidents and protect workers and the surrounding community.

Overall, the Indian government is committed to promoting the development of sustainable waste management practices, including the use of WTE technologies such as incineration, to address the country’s waste management challenges.

Some of the notable incineration-based WTE plants in India are:

• Okhla Waste-to-Energy Plant, Delhi: This is one of the largest WTE plants in India with a capacity to process 2,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day and generate 16 MW of electricity.
• Timarpur-Okhla Waste-to-Energy Plant, Delhi: This plant has a capacity to process 1,300 tons of municipal solid waste per day and generate 16 MW of electricity.
• Waste-to-Energy Plant, Jabalpur: This plant has a capacity to process 600 tons of municipal solid waste per day and generate 6 MW of electricity.
• Waste-to-Energy Plant, Vijayawada: This plant has a capacity to process 500 tons of municipal solid waste per day and generate 5 MW of electricity.
• Waste-to-Energy Plant, Bengaluru: This plant has a capacity to process 500 tons of municipal solid waste per day and generate 8 MW of electricity.

However, there are concerns about the environmental impacts of incineration technology, including the emission of air pollutants such as dioxins and furans, which are harmful to human health and the environment. Therefore, it is important to ensure that WTE plants using incineration technology are designed, constructed, and operated to the highest standards to minimize the release of harmful pollutants.

Overall, these methods are used for waste-to-energy projects in India, depending on the type of waste, technology availability, and local regulations. The goal of waste-to-energy is to reduce waste generation, recover energy from waste, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

Understanding Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition process that converts organic material into fuel or other useful products. In India, pyrolysis is used as a waste-to-energy technology to convert waste plastics, tires, and other non-biodegradable materials into useful products such as fuel oil, carbon black, and gas.

As per the Indian guidelines for the establishment of pyrolysis plants, the minimum plant capacity is 5 tons per day (TPD), while the maximum plant capacity is 500 TPD. However, the guidelines state that the plant capacity should be decided based on the availability of waste and the financial viability of the project. The guidelines also provide various technical and environmental requirements for the establishment of pyrolysis plants, such as the use of proper pollution control measures and the compliance with the applicable laws and regulations.

Some of the key guidelines and regulations related to pyrolysis in India are:

• Environmental Clearance: Any pyrolysis project in India requires environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). The clearance process involves an environmental impact assessment and public consultation.
• Waste Management Rules: The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, provide guidelines for waste management practices in India. The rules require that waste generated from pyrolysis plants should be treated and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.
• Pollution Control Norms: Pyrolysis plants must comply with the pollution control norms specified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The norms cover parameters such as stack emissions, ambient air quality, and wastewater discharge.
• Safety Guidelines: The Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization (PESO) issues safety guidelines for the storage and handling of pyrolysis products such as fuel oil and gas. The guidelines cover aspects such as fire safety, explosion prevention, and handling procedures.
• Technology Standards: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has issued standards for the design, construction, and operation of pyrolysis plants in India. The standards cover aspects such as safety, efficiency, and quality control.

Overall, the guidelines and regulations related to pyrolysis in India aim to ensure that the technology is used in an environmentally sound and safe manner. Compliance with these guidelines is essential for the sustainable growth of pyrolysis as a waste-to-energy technology in India.

Unlocking Value from Waste in India’s Waste Management

Gasification technology is a waste-to-energy (WTE) solution that converts dry waste into a usable gas called “syngas.” The gasification process involves heating dry waste to high temperatures in the presence of a limited amount of oxygen. This results in the production of syngas, which can be used as a fuel for various applications such as generating electricity, heating, and cooking. The remaining solid waste, known as slag, can be used for construction materials.

One of the advantages of gasification technology is that it can handle a wide range of waste types, including municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, and industrial waste. Another advantage of gasification technology is that it produces significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional waste management methods such as landfilling. This is because the syngas produced by the gasification process can be used as a fuel source, reducing the need for fossil fuels.

Gasification technology also has the potential to create employment opportunities and generate revenue. For example, the syngas produced by the gasification process can be sold to industries as a fuel source, while the slag can be used for construction materials.

However, gasification technology is not without its challenges. The initial capital costs of setting up a gasification plant can be high, and the technology requires a skilled workforce to operate and maintain. Additionally, there may be issues with waste segregation and the quality of the feedstock used in the gasification process.

Overall, gasification technology has the potential to be an effective solution for managing dry waste in India. With the right policies and investments, it could help to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, while also providing a source of renewable energy and economic opportunities.

Gasification Technology Case Studies

In India, there are several examples of gasification technology being used for dry waste management. Here are a few:

1. Jindal Urban Infrastructure Limited (JUIL) Waste-to-Energy Plant: This plant is located in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, and has a capacity of processing 600 tons of municipal solid waste per day. It generates 11 MW of electricity and 30 tons of ash per day.
2. Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited Waste-to-Energy Plant: This plant is located in Hyderabad, Telangana, and has a capacity of processing 500 tons of municipal solid waste per day. It generates 11.5 MW of electricity and 35-40 tons of ash per day.
3. Essel Infraprojects Limited Waste-to-Energy Plant: This plant is located in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, and has a capacity of processing 600 tons of municipal solid waste per day. It generates 11 MW of electricity and 35-40 tons of ash per day.
4. Sembcorp Gayatri Power Limited Waste-to-Energy Plant: This plant is located in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, and has a capacity of processing 600 tons of municipal solid waste per day. It generates 8.6 MW of electricity and 20-25 tons of ash per day.
5. Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Waste-to-Energy Plant: This plant is located in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, and has a capacity of processing 500 tons of municipal solid waste per day. It generates 4.5 MW of electricity and 10-12 tons of ash per day.

These are just a few examples of gasification technology being used for dry waste management in India. With the growing demand for sustainable waste management practices, it is likely that more such projects will be developed in the future.

What is Refuse-derived Fuel (RDF) ?

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a type of fuel produced by sorting and processing non-recyclable waste materials such as municipal solid waste (MSW), construction and demolition (C&D) waste, and industrial waste. In India, the government has introduced several policies and guidelines to promote the use of RDF as a sustainable energy source.

Some of the key policies and guidelines related to RDF production from MSW in India are:

• Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules (2016): The rules provide for the segregation of MSW at source, which is a critical step in the production of RDF. The rules also encourage the use of RDF as a renewable source of energy.
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission): The mission aims to make India clean by promoting waste segregation, composting, and recycling. RDF production from MSW is also one of the focus areas of the mission.
• Waste to Energy Policy (2016): The policy provides for the promotion of RDF production from MSW as a source of renewable energy. It also encourages the use of RDF in cement kilns and power plants.

Overall, the production of RDF from MSW is an important step towards the management of solid waste in India and the promotion of renewable energy. The government has taken several steps to promote RDF production, and there are several plants operating at different scales across the country. The SWM Scheme provides financial assistance to local bodies and municipalities for setting up RDF plants and waste-to-energy projects. The WTE Policy aims to promote the use of RDF as a fuel source for power generation, and encourages private sector participation in setting up RDF-based power plants. The Biomass Energy Policy provides incentives for the use of RDF as a renewable energy source, and encourages the development of decentralized RDF plants.

In terms of the scale of RDF plants in India, there are several examples of large-scale and small-scale plants.

Some of the large-scale plants include:

• Okhla waste-to-energy plant in Delhi with a capacity of 16 MW
• Ghazipur waste-to-energy plant in Delhi with a capacity of 12 MW
• Namakkal waste-to-energy plant in Tamil Nadu with a capacity of 15 MW
• Noida waste-to-energy plant in Uttar Pradesh with a capacity of 10 MW

Some of the small-scale plants include:

• Agartala RDF plant in Tripura with a capacity of 10 TPD (tonnes per day)
• Jaipur RDF plant in Rajasthan with a capacity of 2 TPD
• Nashik RDF plant in Maharashtra with a capacity of 5 TPD

Overall, the Indian government’s policies and guidelines promote the use of RDF as a sustainable energy source and provide incentives for setting up RDF plants of various scales.

Creating a Sustainable Future

Waste Recycling is the process of converting waste into new products. This method can be used for dry waste such as paper, plastic, metal, and glass. The technical guidelines for recycling include setting up collection points for recyclable materials, transporting them to the recycling facility, and ensuring that the recycled products meet the required quality standards.

India’s dry waste recycling market has been growing steadily over the years, driven by a combination of government initiatives, increasing public awareness, and the emergence of new technologies and business models. According to a report by the Central Pollution Control Board, India generates around 62 million tonnes of solid waste annually, out of which about 45 million tonnes is dry waste. However, only a small fraction of this waste is currently recycled, with the rest either ending up in landfills or being dumped in open spaces.

One of the key challenges facing the dry waste recycling market in India is the lack of proper waste management infrastructure and facilities. While there are some large-scale recycling plants in the country, a significant portion of the recycling is still done by small and informal players, who often lack the necessary technology, equipment, and regulatory compliance.

Factors that have helped scale dry waste recycling

Despite these challenges, the dry waste recycling market in India has significant scalability potential, driven by several factors.

• Growing awareness and concern for the environment and sustainability among the general public, which is leading to increased demand for recycled products.
• Government initiatives and policies aimed at promoting recycling and reducing waste generation, such as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and the Plastic Waste Management Rules.
• The emergence of new technologies and business models, such as waste-to-energy and waste-to-compost, which are making recycling more efficient and cost-effective.
• The increasing involvement of corporate entities and investors in the sector, which is leading to the development of large-scale recycling infrastructure and the adoption of best practices.

Overall, the dry waste recycling market in India is poised for significant growth in the coming years, driven by the country’s large and growing waste generation, increasing public awareness, and government support. However, this growth will require significant investment in infrastructure and technology, as well as the development of strong regulatory frameworks to ensure compliance and quality control.

What is upcycling?

Upcycling is the process of transforming waste materials or products that are no longer useful into new materials or products of better quality and value. In India, the upcycling market for dry waste has been gaining traction in recent years, with several organizations and individuals contributing to this growing industry.

Here are some facts and figures related to the upcycling market for dry waste in India:

• The waste generated in India is estimated to be around 62 million tonnes per year, of which only about 43 million tonnes is collected, and only 11.9 million tonnes is treated or processed (source: Central Pollution Control Board).
• The waste generated in urban areas in India is expected to increase from 68.8 million tonnes in 2018 to 165 million tonnes by 2030 (source: McKinsey & Company).
• The upcycling market for dry waste in India is estimated to be worth Rs. 5,000 crore (approx. USD 684 million) (source: The Better India).
• India’s government has launched several initiatives to promote waste management and upcycling. For example, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) aims to make India clean and open defecation-free by 2019, and the National Green Tribunal has directed all state governments to set up at least one waste-to-energy plant in their respective states.
• The upcycling market for dry waste is expected to grow in India due to the increasing awareness about waste management and sustainability, as well as the government’s push towards a circular economy.

India is home to various  upcycling waste product industries and here are some examples of companies working in India:

• Paper recycling industry: The paper recycling industry in India is growing rapidly, with a number of companies specializing in upcycling waste paper into new paper products. Some of the major players in this industry include ITC, Hindustan Paper Corporation, and Century Pulp and Paper.
• Plastic recycling industry: India is one of the largest producers of plastic waste in the world, and the plastic recycling industry is playing a key role in upcycling this waste. Companies such as Reliance Industries, GAIL, and IOCL are actively involved in the production of recycled plastic products.
• E-waste recycling industry: With the growing use of electronic devices in India, the e-waste recycling industry is becoming increasingly important. Companies such as Attero, Ecoreco, and Virogreen are involved in the upcycling of electronic waste into new products.
• Textile recycling industry: The textile industry is a major contributor to waste in India, and the textile recycling industry is working to upcycle this waste. Companies such as Ecoexist, Handspun Hope, and Rimagined are involved in the production of upcycled textile products.
• Metal recycling industry: The metal recycling industry in India is also growing, with companies such as Metallo Mondo and Metal Scrap Trading Corporation involved in the upcycling of metal waste into new products.

Overall, upcycling waste product industries and companies in India are making a significant contribution towards reducing waste and creating a more sustainable future through circularity.

Driving Sustainable and Inclusive Solid Waste Management

Waste pickers are Individuals collecting and sorting the waste at the landfills, along the roadside and at garbage vulnerable spots and having the only source of income through selling it further. Waste picker integration at critical junctures has tremendous potential.

“Waste picker” as term was first recognized in solid waste management rules 2016.

Definition of waste picker as per solid waste management rules 2016

Waste picker means a person or groups of persons informally engaged in collection and recovery of reusable and recyclable solid waste from the source of waste generation the streets, bins, material recovery facilities, processing and waste disposal facilities for sale to recyclers directly or through intermediaries to earn their livelihood. Informal waste collector includes individuals, associations or waste traders who are involved in sorting, sale and purchase of recyclable materials.

The rules also emphasize, advice or suggests implementation on following things related to waste pickers.

1. Inclusion of waste picker representatives in State Policy Consultations and in State level Advisory (SLA) committee
2. Program formation for registration of waste pickers
3. Directs waste generators to handover waste to authorized waste pickers and recyclers
4. Providing easy access to waste pickers at MRFs and dry waste facilities to promote recycling

In the current scenario waste pickers hold immense local intelligence being an active part of the recycling and waste management chain. Waste pickers have grown from being at 1st level of value chain i.e., being involved in collection of waste to being at 3rd level of value chain i.e., pre-processing and aggregators level.

Informal waste collector includes individuals, associations or waste traders who are involved in sorting, sale and purchase of recyclable materials. –

• Informally engaged – they are doing the waste picking from dumpsites on their own free will, and the ULB has had no formal permission or order for them to work on the garbage dump.
• Already engaged or have recently taken up the work – thus persons who have been working in waste, over the last decade or more.
• Source of livelihood – Selling the recyclables to the informal waste collector is there only source of livelihood. At times it is also observed that there is a nexus between the scrap shop aggregator and the waste picker, largely based on money credit

Well before the recognition; three organizations Stree Mukti Sanghatana (in 1980s), Kagad Kach Kachra Kashtakari Panchayat (in 1990s) and Chintan (in 2000s) had started working towards welfare and structuring the work of waste pickers in Mumbai, Pune and Delhi respectively.

Since then, there have been various pilot models for involving waste pickers in formal activities. It has been through these organizations that modules for waste pickers identification and waste picker integration were practiced and piloted in particular areas but have always been limited by geography, holistic view and lack of support from government to have sustainable, replicable business model. The concern is that the positive scenario is limited to a particular geography and particular group of waste pickers.

Best cases for waste picker integration

Promoting Recycling and Waste Management

India faces significant challenges when it comes to managing its solid waste. The country generates approximately 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste per year, and a large proportion of this waste is dry waste. Dry waste includes items such as paper, cardboard, plastic, glass, and metal that do not decompose easily.

Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) are specialized facilities that separate, process, and prepare recyclable materials for market. They use various techniques like shredding, sorting, and screening to separate different types of recyclables.

MRFs are facilities where mixed dry waste is sorted and separated into different categories using various technologies such as magnets, screens, and air classifiers. The technical guidelines for material recovery facilities include setting up the facility in a designated area, ensuring proper ventilation, providing safety equipment for workers, and maintaining a record of the amount and type of waste processed.

A few technical guidelines for MRFs in India

In India, the guidelines for setting up Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) are provided by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

• Location: MRFs should be set up in designated areas that are easily accessible by waste collection vehicles.
• Design and layout: The design and layout of the MRF should be such that it allows for efficient sorting and separation of waste. The facility should have separate areas for storage of different types of waste, sorting and processing equipment, and a loading/unloading area for waste collection vehicles.
• Equipment: The MRF should be equipped with suitable machinery and equipment for sorting, shredding, baling, and storing of waste. The equipment should meet the required safety standards and should be maintained regularly.
• Capacity: The minimum capacity for an MRF in India is 1 ton per day, while the maximum capacity varies from state to state. However, the CPCB recommends that the capacity of the MRF should be determined based on the quantity and type of waste generated in the area.
• Workers: The MRF should have adequate numbers of trained workers to operate the equipment and handle the waste. The workers should be provided with appropriate safety equipment and training on handling hazardous waste.
• Environmental considerations: The MRF should comply with all the relevant environmental regulations, including those related to air and water pollution, noise levels, and disposal of hazardous waste.

Overall, the guidelines for MRFs in India aim to promote safe and efficient handling of waste, reduce the amount of waste going to landfills, and promote the recycling of materials.

Types of Material Recovery Facilities

There are several types of Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in India, each with its own waste handling capacity and resource requirements. Here are some examples:

1. Manual Sorting MRF: This type of MRF involves manual sorting of waste, and can handle up to 1-10 tonnes of waste per day. The resource requirements for this type of MRF include a sorting shed, conveyor belts, hand gloves, masks, and other protective gear for workers.
2. Semi-Mechanized MRF: A semi-mechanized MRF uses a combination of manual and mechanical sorting to process waste. It can handle up to 20-50 tonnes of waste per day. The resource requirements for this type of MRF include a sorting shed, conveyor belts, manual and automatic waste segregation machines, and safety equipment for workers.
3. Fully Mechanized MRF: A fully mechanized MRF uses advanced technology such as magnetic separators, eddy current separators, and optical sorters to sort waste. It can handle up to 100-150 tonnes of waste per day. The resource requirements for this type of MRF include a sorting shed, conveyor belts, advanced sorting machines, and trained technicians to operate and maintain the equipment.
4. Integrated Waste Management Facility: An Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF) is a large-scale waste processing plant that combines several waste management technologies such as MRFs, composting, waste-to-energy, and landfilling. It can handle up to 500-1000 tonnes of waste per day. The resource requirements for this type of facility include a large area of land, advanced waste management technologies, skilled technicians, and significant investment.

In terms of resource requirements, the guidelines for MRFs in India emphasize the need for adequate infrastructure, equipment, safety measures, and trained personnel. The Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 require that MRFs should have proper infrastructure, including sorting sheds, storage facilities, and safety equipment for workers.

The rules also require that MRFs should maintain records of the amount and type of waste processed and ensure compliance with environmental regulations. It is essential to conduct a detailed feasibility study before setting up an MRF to determine the appropriate technology and resource requirements based on local conditions and requirements.

Breaking Down the Administrative Machinery

In India, waste management is a complex issue that requires coordination between different levels of government and various departments. The administrative structure responsible for operating waste management systems can vary from state to state and depend on the urban or rural context.

The administrative structure of waste management in India varies across states and urban local bodies (ULBs), and rural areas. The primary responsibility for waste management lies with the ULBs in urban areas and with panchayats in rural areas.

State-wise administrative structure:

Each state in India has a separate administrative structure for waste management. The department responsible for operating waste management systems may be known as the Department of Municipal Administration, Department of Environment and Forests, or Department of Urban Development, depending on the state.

At the state level, the Department of Urban Development or the Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development is responsible for overseeing waste management in urban areas. The Department of Rural Development is responsible for waste management in rural areas.

The following is a list of state-wise administrative structure responsible for waste management:

1. Andhra Pradesh – Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development
2. Arunachal Pradesh – Department of Urban Development and Housing
3. Assam – Urban Development Department
4. Bihar – Urban Development and Housing Department
5. Chhattisgarh – Urban Administration and Development Department
6. Goa – Department of Science, Technology and Environment
7. Gujarat – Urban Development and Urban Housing Department
8. Haryana – Urban Local Bodies Department
9. Himachal Pradesh – Department of Urban Development
10. Jammu and Kashmir – Urban Development Department
11. Jharkhand – Urban Development and Housing Department
12. Karnataka – Department of Urban Development
13. Kerala – Local Self Government Department
14. Madhya Pradesh – Urban Development and Housing Department
15. Maharashtra – Urban Development Department
16. Manipur – Urban Development and Municipal Affairs Department
17. Meghalaya – Urban Affairs Department
18. Mizoram – Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation Department
19. Nagaland – Urban Development Department
20. Odisha – Housing and Urban Development Department
21. Punjab – Department of Local Government
22. Rajasthan – Local Self Government Department
23. Sikkim – Urban Development and Housing Department
24. Tamil Nadu – Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department
25. Telangana – Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department
26. Tripura – Urban Development Department
27. Uttar Pradesh – Urban Development Department
28. Uttarakhand – Urban Development Department
29. West Bengal – Urban Development and Municipal Affairs Department

ULB administrative structure for waste management

The ULBs are responsible for waste management in urban areas. The administrative structure of ULBs varies depending on the state. Typically, each ULB has a Commissioner or Chief Officer (CO) who is responsible for the overall management of the ULB. The Solid Waste Management (SWM) department is responsible for the management of waste.

Rural administrative structure

In rural areas, the responsibility for waste management lies with the panchayats. The panchayats are responsible for waste collection, transportation, and disposal. The administrative structure of panchayats varies depending on the state. Typically, each panchayat has a Sarpanch or Gram Panchayat President who is responsible for the overall management of the panchayat. The Solid Waste Management (SWM) department is responsible for the management of waste.

In general, waste management in urban areas is the responsibility of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), which are the local governments that govern urban areas, such as municipalities, city corporations, or town councils. In rural areas, the Gram Panchayats or Village Councils are responsible for waste management.

In addition to the departments mentioned above, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is responsible for coordinating and promoting sustainable waste management practices at the national level.

Streamlining Waste Collection

In India, the contracts for collection, transportation, and processing for MSW management are typically awarded through a tender process based on Request for Proposal (RFP). These RFPs for municipal solid waste specify the terms and conditions of the contract, including the scope of work, service delivery standards, payment mechanisms, and penalties for non-performance.

There are several types of contracts that can be used for MSW management in India, depending on the specific requirements of the municipality and the available resources.

Commonly used Contract Types:

1. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) – In this type of contract, the contractor designs, builds, and operates the MSW management system for a specified period, after which ownership is transferred back to the municipality. Under this contract, a private entity is responsible for the entire process of collection, transportation, and processing of MSW. The entity invests its own capital in establishing the necessary infrastructure and operations, operates the system for a specified period, and then transfers ownership back to the municipality at the end of the contract period.
2. Design-Build-Operate (DBO) – This contract is similar to BOT, but the private entity only designs and constructs the infrastructure required for MSW management, with the municipality retaining ownership. The entity then operates the system for a specified period before transferring operations back to the municipality.
3. Design-Build-Operate-Maintain (DBOM) – Similar to DBO, this contract includes the responsibility for maintenance and repair of the system.
4. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) – In this type of contract, the municipality retains ownership of the MSW management system and outsources the operation and maintenance activities to a contractor.
5. Performance-based contracting (PBC) – This contract type is based on the achievement of specific performance indicators agreed upon between the municipality and the contractor.
6. Service Contract – A service contract is a more straightforward type of contract in which a private entity provides collection, transportation, and/or processing services for a fixed period of time, usually on a per-tonne or per-vehicle basis. The municipality retains ownership and responsibility for the waste management system, and the private entity is paid a fee for its services.

Sample documents for these types of contracts are not publicly available. However, the MSWM Rules, 2016 provide guidelines for procurement and contracting of MSW management services, including the preparation of bidding documents, evaluation criteria, and contract management. These guidelines can be used as a reference when preparing and evaluating contracts for MSW management services.

Here are some links to sample RFPs and model tender documents related to solid waste management:

• Bidding Documents for Public Private Partnership in Integrated Solid Waste Management and Integrated Liquid Waste Management
• Request for proposal for development of integrated solid waste management (for C&T/Processing/Integrated models) system
• Sample RFP document for city (From SBM Portal)
• Model Tender Document for Solid Waste Management System
• Sample REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) for Selection of Contractor for The Work of “Scientific Dumpsite Land Reclamation through Bio-mining, Resource Recovery and Scientific Rejects Disposal
• Model Tender for Biogas Plant- 1TPD, 5TPD and 10 TPD capacity
• Model Tender Document for SWM using Biogas Technology- Detailed Bill of quantities
• Model Tender Document for Solid Waste Management System Using Mechanical Composting/ Organic Waste Converter of modular capacities